托福阅读¶
约 2188 个字 预计阅读时间 6 分钟
Reading¶
总的阅读方法
- 先读文章
- 每段记笔记
- 再做题
单词替换题：通过上下文中带有并列或转折意义的连词推测词义
Cloud nine: extremely happy or satisfied
Listening¶
笔记相关¶
地名、人名、文章标题、课程名称、课题研究方向、论文名称。
地名：介绍此地点的特殊要素——及其随时间的变化
人名：Prof.xxx, Doc.xxx, classmate xxx...——与说话人的关系/对其的建议/共同点。
其他：主要听“是什么东西”，即本质是什么（实义名词）
Why does the professor/teacher say this? + 一段语音 —— 这个感觉就是用正常和人交谈的情况理解，分析其原因
Speaking¶
Ohno
Task1 独立口语¶
一般是二选一/多选一的开放式问题，作答后阐述理由（Prefer 电子书/纸质书，网课/线下课，城市/乡村生活等）
准备各种语料，可在不同的题目里使用。
- 审题：
- 找到主题（Choose on what）
- 找出选项（Choose between what）
- 思考理由（两个，或者一个细节特别满的）
- 补充细节
- 技巧：用记叙文六要素（时间地点人物起因发展结果）（选四个就够）模拟一个场景再现，补充细节
语料积累记录：
- 11.07：Some people prefer to discuss important matters in public places such as cafes, while others prefer to have these discussions at home or in private offices. Which approach do you prefer? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
- Private
- No worrying about others' listening
- Quiet environment helps to focus
- Private
Writing¶
何意味？
万能理由：方便、效率；经济、耐久；安全、环保；交流、经验；乐趣、成就；情感、健康
Integrated Writing¶
Although the reading passage asserts that [summarize the main points of the reading passage], the professor casts doubt on these claims by presenting several counterarguments.
First, the reading passage states that [summarize the first point from the reading passage]. However, the professor challenges this assertion by pointing out that [summarize the professor's counterargument]. One source suggests that..., undermining the reading's claim.
Second, the reading passage argues that [summarize the second point from the reading passage], which indicates... . The professor, however, refutes this argument by explaining that [summarize the professor's counterargument]. According to the professor, while the reading suggests that..., recent studies have shown that...
Finally, the reading passage claims that [summarize the third point from the reading passage]. In contrast, the professor presents a dissenting view by stating that [summarize the professor's counterargument]. The professor emphasizes that..., which contradicts the reading's assertion.
Overall, the lecture effectively challenges all three arguments in the reading by providing more plausible alternative explanations.
Useful phrases
- The Professor challenges the statement by pointing out that...
- cannot be considered as a feasible solution
- while the reading passage asserts that..., the professor presents a dissenting view by stating that...
- In summary, the lecture effectively challenges all three arguments in the reading by providing more plausible alternative explanations.
Academic Writing¶
让步型提纲：
- 第1句：让步认可一位同学的观点 (1, 12-15词, 短句) A presents a compelling argument in favor of...
- 第2句：让步认可的理由 (1, 12-15词, 短句) Admittedly, [elaborate on the reason supporting A].
- 第3句：转折提出自己的观点 (1, 12-20词, 短句) However, I'm inclined to agree with B's perspective that...
- 第4句：给予新的支持理由 (1, 12-20词, 短句) In my opinion/view/From my perspective, [elaborate on the new!! reason supporting B's perspective].
- 第5句：解释陈述 (1, 20-25词, 长句) 解释，这一句是补充说明第4句的内容，长句可以整活
- 第6句：例证细节 (1, 25-35词, 长句) 具体事例，记叙文六要素六选四，类似 Speaking Task 1
- 第7句：总结观点 (1, 12-20词, 短句) Therefore, I firmly believe that... will substantially contribute to...
While I appreciate the points mentioned by both STUDENT 1 and STUDENT 2, I think that…
[elaborate on your idea for a few sentences]
Remember that [elaborate on your point], so [elaborate on your point].
Some people may feel that [mention a potential challenge], but [respond to this challenge].
Useful Examples
- an assortment of factors
- a compelling counterpoint
- well-structured arguments
- the primary driver of...
- the multifaceted utility of...
- grant unlimited access to...
- interdisciplinary collaborations 跨学科合作
- the primary value of... lies in...
练习记录¶
Your professor is teaching a class on political science. Write a post responding to the professor’s question. In your response, you should
- express and support your personal opinion
- make a contribution to the discussion in your own words
- An effective response will contain at least 100 words. You have ten minutes to write.
12.4
Professor: Today we’re going to talk about the debate between economic growth and protecting the environment. Economic growth creates new jobs and gives people money they can use to improve their lives. On the other hand, if we protect the environment it can be enjoyed both by ourselves and future generations. If you had to choose between prioritizing economic growth or protecting the environment, which one would you choose. Why?
Alex: I would prioritize the environment. We only have one planet and if we don’t take care of it, we won’t have pleasant lives in the future. Economic growth can be important, but not at the expense of the environment. I think we need to shift towards more things such as investing in renewable energy and promoting environmentally-friendly technologies. We’ll all live much healthier lives if the world around us is clean.
Maggie: While I agree with Alex that environmental sustainability is important, I think that economic growth is the only way to solve many of the social and economic problems we face. We need a strong economy to create jobs, reduce poverty, and improve standards of living. Not only that, but when companies grow stronger and more profitable, they can develop new technologies that solve our environmental problems.
Ans: While I highly appreciate Alex's opinion that environment protection should be prioritized, I advocate the point made by Maggie that economy growth plays an important role. First, the growth in economy grants a feeling of well-being among civilizations. Remember that a healthy economic situation allows all of us to make enough money with a regular income to make a living. Some people may argue that solely focusing on economy growth will definitely lead to more severe environmental problems such as pollutions and global warming, but I tend to disagree. The environment will be protected more effectively and thoroughly due to the emerge of new technologies spurred by economy growth.
Paradigm: While I respect Alex's view that we should prioritize environmental protection, I strongly agree with Maggie that economic growth deserves higher priority when the two goals conflict. First, a robust economy provides people with stable jobs and rising incomes, which directly improves their quality of life. When individuals and families have financial security, they experience greater well-being and can better plan for the future—something that is difficult in a stagnant or shrinking economy. Some may argue that rapid economic growth inevitably causes severe environmental damage, such as air and water pollution or global warming. However, I believe the opposite is true in the long run. Economic growth generates the wealth and profit that fund technological innovation. For example, the rapid development of renewable energy—solar panels, wind turbines, and electric vehicles like those produced by Tesla—has been driven primarily by profitable companies and wealthy economies. Countries such as Germany and Denmark have achieved strong economic performance while becoming global leaders in clean energy, proving that growth can actually accelerate environmental solutions rather than hinder them. In short, without a strong economy, we lack the resources to develop and deploy the very technologies needed to protect our planet effectively.
Professor: A new story about Artificial Intelligence (AI) is in the news almost every day. And, of course, companies are spending an enormous amount of money to develop new technologies related to AI. Before next class, I want you to consider the following question: Is AI a dangerous technology that, overall, will be harmful to society, or is it a powerful tool that will improve the lives of people?
Megan: Personally, I think AI is a threat. As AI advances, many jobs may become automated, leaving people without work. That will certainly increase income inequality. Additionally, there’s the risk that AI systems could be programmed with biases or used to discriminate against certain groups. We need to be careful and ensure that AI is developed in an ethical and responsible way. Since we can’t guarantee that right now, I think it is best to slow down.
David: I disagree with Megan. I’m of the opinion that AI has the potential to solve many of the world’s problems, from climate change to disease. Additionally, AI can help us make better decisions by analyzing vast amounts of data and identifying patterns that humans may miss. That said, I agree with Megan that we must ensure that AI is developed and used in a responsible way that benefits society as a whole.
Ans: Megan presents a compelling view that AI is a threat. Admittedly, if not developed and researched in a safe way, AI will cause severe upheavel in the job market and society. However, I am inclined to agree with David's argument that AI may be a solution to many worldwide problems. In my view, due to its unprecented capability to analyse large amount of data, AI is able to make highly valued predictions in many fields. The predictions will be more precise compared with those made by humans in the past, the latter using only personal experiences and expectations. For example, for those who work in financial departments and deal with economic problems, they can utilize AI to make a better prediction toward the situation of finance. Therefore, I firmly believe that AI will be a useful tool for tackling the problems faced by all people.
12.6
Professor: As you know, governments have a responsibility to improve the lives of residents. In today’s class we’re going to discuss the best way for them to do that. What strategy do you think governments should use to improve the overall quality of life of residents? Why do you think it’s important?
Maria: I think investing in transportation should be the main priority for every local government. This could include things like repairing roads and bridges, expanding bus and train services, and even building bike lanes. When cities have good infrastructure it’s easier for residents to get around, and new businesses come to town.
Tom: While I agree that infrastructure is important, I think that social programs should also be a major focus. The government could invest in things like education, affordable housing, and healthcare. All of these sorts of programs can help address issues like poverty, inequality, and access to basic needs. By providing these types of services, the government can help improve people’s well-being.
Ans: Tom presents a compelling opinion that social programs should be considered with the highest priority to improve the quality of residents' life. Admittedly, basic social services do provide solutions to many problems such as poverty. However, I am inclined to agree with Maria's idea, stating that public transportation should be at the first place. Highly developed transportation system undoubtly facilitate the daily commution and travel of people, by means of introducing new bike and vehicle lanes and fixing avenues. Additively, stronger transportation also grants people living in the city with higher safety. Take those who must commute by bus to go to work as an example. With the developed transportation, there will be less accidents occuring along the way. Thus residents enjoy a more happy and safe life. That's why I firmly believe that the government should focus on public transportation to improve the life of residents.